2018/03/15

[西語] 名詞、形容詞和冠詞的陰陽性(masculino y femenino)與單複數(singular y plural)

陰陽性

In Spanish, all nouns (including pronouns) will be seen either masculine or feminine, which we call "genders," and also either singular or plural. And these are decisive to the articles and the adjectives coming with them. That's why I put them all together to talk about. 'Cause they're all connected.

The typical rule is that masculine nouns end in the letter o, feminine in a.

1. 名詞
The forms of genders
(1) When it comes to genders for nouns in Spanish, we're not worried about people and animals. Because their sex will decide what gender you should go with. And usually, masculine nouns end in the letter o, feminine in a. Here are some examples.

如果是生物性名詞就不用擔心,因為生物本身就有性別之分,像這類名詞的陰陽性就取決於他們的生物特徵,像人和動物等。
如:
niño男孩 (陽性,o結尾) niña女孩 (陰性,a結尾)
gato公貓 (陽性,o結尾) gata母貓 (陰性,a結尾)

(2) A bigger problem in learning Spanish is that all non-living things like cars, chairs or even books also have their own genders. And non-living things don't have physical features for you to tell if they're male or female, so all the genders of them are already set. 
而不具生物特徵可區分性別的非生物名詞,則有既屬的陰陽性
如:
libro 書本(陽性,o結尾) mesa 桌子(陰性,a結尾)

2. 冠詞
像英文一樣,西語也有不定冠詞與定冠詞
不定冠詞 陽性 陰性
uno / un una
定冠詞 el la

且由於冠詞位於名詞之前,所以冠詞的陰陽性依名詞來決定,若該名詞為陽性,則冠詞採陽性,若該名詞為陰性,冠詞也要從而跟之。
如:
un libro 一本書 una mesa 一張桌子
el libro 那本書 la mesa 那張桌子

3. 形容詞
形容詞的功能就是修飾名詞,所以和冠詞一樣,形容詞的陰陽性是看修飾的名詞來決定,若該名詞為陽性,則形容詞採陽性,若該名詞為陰性,形容詞也要一致。

另外要注意的是形容詞的位置,通常置於名詞之後,作後位修飾。
如:
白色 blanco (o結尾,修飾陽性名詞) blanca (a結尾,修飾陰性名詞)
un libro blanco 一本白色的書 una mesa blanca 一張白色桌子
el libro blanco 那本白色的書 la mesa blanca 那張白色的桌子

單複數
名詞、冠詞和形容詞都有單複數之分,因為當名詞為複數時,其冠詞和形容詞會同時連動。

冠詞的複數
陽性 陰性
不定冠詞 uno 🠲 unos una 🠲 unas
定冠詞 el 🠲 los la 🠲 las

形容詞的複數:字尾+s

unos libros blancos 一些白色的書 unas mesas blancas 幾張白色桌子
los libros blancos 那些白色的書 las mesas blancas 那幾張白色桌子

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